I went ahead and pulled this data going back 10 years. Below are the players that have had at least two consecutive seasons averaging 20 & 10 per36 and
had an all-star appearance at some point in their careers:
- Anthony Davis
- Blake Griffin
- DeMarcus Cousins
- Giannis Antetokounmpo
- Joel Embiid
- Karl-Anthony Towns
- Kevin Love
- LaMarcus Aldridge
- Nikola Jokic
- Nikola Vucevic
Below are the players that have had at least two consecutive seasons averaging 20 & 10 per36 and
have not had an all-star appearance at some point in their careers:
- Boban Marjanovic
- Christian Wood
- Enes Kanter
- John Collins
- Jonas Valanciunas
- Julius Randle
Nobody said Woods & Marjanovic are scrubs, but they are not all-star level players either. And like called out above, there are a fair amount of non all-stars who meet your "adjusted" criteria.
As for players who post 20 & 10 being in elite company, I think we operate from different definitions of the word "elite." Below are the players that posted 20 & 10 (no per36 adjustment):
- Giannis Antetokounmpo
- Joel Embiid
- Anthony Davis
- Dwight Howard
- Nikola Jokic
- Russell Westbrook
- Karl-Anthony Towns
- Nikola Vucevic
- DeMarcus Cousins
- LaMarcus Aldridge
- Kevin Love
- Blake Griffin
- Al Jefferson
I wouldn't consider any list that has player like Jefferson, Griffin, Love, Aldridge, etc. as "elite". If this list was only Giannis, Embiid, & Davis, then I'd agree.
As for a player posting 20 & 10 and not making an all star game, there have been 30 seasons/players in the past 10 years that have posted 20 & 10 (no per36 adjustment). 3 of them did not make an all star game :
- Karl-Anthony Towns (2016-17)
- DeMarcus Cousins (2013-14)
- Al Jefferson (2013-14)
And another 3 of them only got in because another all-star was injured that season:
- DeMarcus Cousins (2014-15)
- Anthony Davis (2013-14)
- Kevin Love (2010-11)
Having said that, it's fair to say that if you post a 20 & 10, that you're likely going to make the all-star game (80% chance or 90% chance if you want to consider the injury substitutes). However, Bagley at 15 & 7 still has ways to go and you typically get enough minutes to post a 20 & 10 if you are in fact helping your team win on the court which, right now, Bagley has some catching up to do.